array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(22) "Lessons Learned report" ["Link"]=> string(117) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/06/NC04-NOCE-A-RA-0014_01-Lessons-Learned-Report-2023-Public-Version.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(7) "Capture" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2024) ["Company"]=> string(20) "Heidelberg Materials" ["Document type"]=> string(22) "Lessons learned report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(33) "Annual experience transfer report" ["Link"]=> string(152) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/04/PM673-JV-A-PG-00015_02-Annual-experience-transfer-report-2023-for-Northern-Lights-Phase-1-Facilities.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(21) "Transport and storage" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2024) ["Company"]=> string(15) "Northern Lights" ["Document type"]=> string(22) "Lessons learned report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(31) "Rapport om regulatorisk læring" ["Link"]=> string(61) "https://ccsnorway.com/publication/regulatory-lessons-learned/" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(24) "Business and regulations" ["Year"]=> int(2022) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(22) "Lessons learned report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(41) "Developing Longship - Key Lessons learned" ["Link"]=> string(79) "https://ccsnorway.com/publication/developing-longship-key-lessons-learned/?ch=1" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(22) "Lessons learned report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(25) "Gassnovas helkjederapport" ["Link"]=> string(108) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/10/Gassnovas-helkjederapport-redacted-version-som-publisert.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(10) "Gassnova " ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(49) "Gassnovas evalueringsrapport for fangsprosjektene" ["Link"]=> string(92) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/Evalueringsrapport-Fangst-DG3_Redacted-1.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(7) "Capture" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(33) "Gassnovas gevinstrealiseringsplan" ["Link"]=> string(113) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/10/Gassnovas-gevinsrealieringsplan-2020-reklassifisert-%C3%A5pen.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(12) "Whole chain " ["Subject"]=> string(24) "Business and regulations" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(17) "Analysis and plan" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(50) "Gassnovas evaluering av Northern Lights-prosjektet" ["Link"]=> string(105) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/10/DG3-Evalueringsrapport-Transport-Lager-M10c_SLADDET-1.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(21) "Transport and storage" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(27) "Rapport om CO2-fotavtrykket" ["Link"]=> string(79) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/CO2_footprint_feed_report-2.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(24) "Business and regulations" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(37) "Oppdaterte CO2-fotavtrykksberegninger" ["Link"]=> string(86) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/11/Updated-CO2-footprint-calculations.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(12) "Whole chain " ["Subject"]=> string(24) "Business and regulations" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(37) "Fortum Oslo Varmes forprosjektrapport" ["Link"]=> string(95) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/FEED-Study-Report-DG3_redacted_version_03-2.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(7) "Capture" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(28) "Hafslund Celsio (former FOV)" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(49) "Fortum Oslo Varme - Testrapport for pilotanlegget" ["Link"]=> string(90) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/12/Pilot-Plant-Test-Report-Extended-Phase.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(7) "Capture" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(28) "Hafslund Celsio (former FOV)" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(26) "Norcems forprosjektrapport" ["Link"]=> string(110) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/NC03-NOCE-A-RA-0009-Redacted-FEED-Study-DG3-Report-Rev01-1.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(7) "Capture" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(20) "Heidelberg Materials" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(39) "Fortum Oslo Varmes konseptstudierapport" ["Link"]=> string(69) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2019/09/fortum_oslo_varme.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(7) "Capture" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2017) ["Company"]=> string(28) "Hafslund Celsio (former FOV)" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(28) "Norcems konseptstudierapport" ["Link"]=> string(58) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2019/09/norcem.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(7) "Capture" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2017) ["Company"]=> string(20) "Heidelberg Materials" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(26) "Yaras konseptstudierapport" ["Link"]=> string(56) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2019/09/yara.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(7) "Capture" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2017) ["Company"]=> string(4) "Yara" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(53) "Mulighetsstudier av fullskala CO2-håndtering i Norge" ["Link"]=> string(109) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/05/Mulighetsstudier-av-fullskala-CO2-h%C3%A5ndtering-i-Norge.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2016) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(85) "Samandrag av Gassnovas utgreiing av moglege fullskala CO2-handteringsprosjekt i Norge" ["Link"]=> string(129) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/05/Samandrag-av-Gassnovas-utgreiing-av-fullskala-CO2-handteringsprosjekt-i-Noreg.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2015) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(70) "Mulighetsområdet for realisering av fullskala CO2-håndtering i Norge" ["Link"]=> string(97) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2019/09/nccs-statusrapport-nc00-2012-re-00034-endelig.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(34) "Technology and project development" ["Year"]=> int(2012) ["Company"]=> string(9) "Gassnova " ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(45) "Northern Lights-prosjektets forprosjektstudie" ["Link"]=> string(94) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/Northern-Lights-FEED-report-public-version.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(21) "Transport and storage" ["Subject"]=> string(22) "Technology and project" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(7) "Equinor" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(41) "Northern Lights-prosjektets konseptstudie" ["Link"]=> string(90) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/05/Northern-Lights-Project-Concept-report.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(21) "Transport and storage" ["Subject"]=> string(22) "Technology and project" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(7) "Equinor" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(23) "Gasscos transportstudie" ["Link"]=> string(80) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2019/09/gasscos_konseptrapport_liten.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(10) "Transport " ["Subject"]=> string(22) "Technology and project" ["Year"]=> int(2017) ["Company"]=> string(7) "Equinor" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(37) "Gassnovas samfunnsøkonomiske analyse" ["Link"]=> string(97) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/10/Gassnovas-samfunns%C3%B8konomisk-analyse-2020.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(24) "Business and regulations" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(19) "Gassnova and DNV GL" ["Document type"]=> string(8) "Analysis" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(48) "Gassnovas samfunnsøkonomiske analyse, Vedlegg 1" ["Link"]=> string(114) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/Plan-for-long-term-use-of-the-Northern-Lights-infrastructure-1.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(21) "Transport and storage" ["Subject"]=> string(24) "Business and regulations" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(7) "Equinor" ["Document type"]=> string(17) "Analysis and plan" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(48) "Gassnovas samfunnsøkonomiske analyse, Vedlegg 2" ["Link"]=> string(121) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/Northern-Lights-Contribution-to-Benefit-Realisation-sladdet-versjon-1.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(21) "Transport and storage" ["Subject"]=> string(24) "Business and regulations" ["Year"]=> int(2020) ["Company"]=> string(7) "Equinor" ["Document type"]=> string(17) "Analysis and plan" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(48) "Gassnovas samfunnsøkonomiske analyse, Vedlegg 3" ["Link"]=> string(94) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/Teknologistatus-CCS-ver04-final-Gassnova-1.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(22) "Technology and project" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(8) "Analysis" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(48) "Gassnovas samfunnsøkonomiske analyse, Vedlegg 4" ["Link"]=> string(102) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/10/Potential-for-reduced-cost-for-carbon-capture-2019.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(4) "Cost" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(6) "DNV GL" ["Document type"]=> string(8) "Analysis" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(48) "Gassnovas samfunnsøkonomiske analyse, Vedlegg 5" ["Link"]=> string(103) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2020/07/Equinor-LCS-memo-to-GassnovaMPE-Final-16Dec2019-1-1.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(24) "Business and regulations" ["Year"]=> int(2019) ["Company"]=> string(7) "Equinor" ["Document type"]=> string(8) "Analysis" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(14) "Rapport til UD" ["Link"]=> string(97) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/09/Statusrapport-Langskip-Q3-2023-kan-publiseres.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2023) ["Company"]=> string(9) "Gassnova " ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(14) "Rapport til UD" ["Link"]=> string(78) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/09/Status-Longship_21.06.2024.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2024) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(14) "Rapport til UD" ["Link"]=> string(78) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/09/Status-Longship_16.12.2022.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2022) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(14) "Rapport til UD" ["Link"]=> string(78) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/09/Status-Longship_13.05.2024.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2024) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(14) "Rapport til UD" ["Link"]=> string(78) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/09/Status-Longship_01.09.2022.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2022) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(14) "Rapport til UD" ["Link"]=> string(89) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/09/Statusrapport-for-Langskip_21.02.2024.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2024) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(14) "Rapport til UD" ["Link"]=> string(89) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/09/Statusrapport-for-Langskip_30.06.2023.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2023) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } array(8) { ["Hvilken rapport"]=> string(14) "Rapport til UD" ["Link"]=> string(89) "https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2024/09/Statusrapport-for-Langskip_31.03.2023.pdf" ["Part of CCS calue chain"]=> string(11) "Whole chain" ["Subject"]=> string(19) "Project development" ["Year"]=> int(2023) ["Company"]=> string(8) "Gassnova" ["Document type"]=> string(14) "Project report" [""]=> string(0) "" } {"id":9870,"date":"2022-02-17T20:12:50","date_gmt":"2022-02-17T19:12:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gassnova.no\/?p=9870"},"modified":"2022-02-17T20:14:48","modified_gmt":"2022-02-17T19:14:48","slug":"ccs-environmental-analysis-january","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gassnova.oddeinar.no\/en\/news\/ccs-environmental-analysis-january","title":{"rendered":"CCS Environmental Analysis, January"},"content":{"rendered":"

On a monthly basis, Gassnova prepares an analysis of important CCS international market trends, and what drives innovation in our focus areas. Here is the analysis for January.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

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\n

Trouble for natural gas and nuclear energy: Disputes over the EU taxonomy<\/h2>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The European Commission recently presented<\/a> its long-awaited regulatory proposal as to how natural gas and nuclear energy should be treated in the EU taxonomy for sustainable finance activities.<\/p>\n

Different forums of discussion<\/h4>\n

Energy types are essentially only entered into the taxonomy for a transitionary period in order to legitimise their role in achieving the 2050 climate goals. The content of the proposal has been known for some time and the debate has reached far and wide with clear dividing lines between countries and industries. Germany and other coal-dependent countries have pushed to include gas, but want to exclude nuclear energy, whilst France, for example, has pushed to include nuclear energy as well. Austria is one of the countries that has spoken out vehemently against both.<\/p>\n

CCS comes into play<\/h4>\n

The European Commission has set a requirement that direct emissions from natural gas cannot exceed 270 g CO2e\/kWh (a new gas-fired power plant produces c. 400 g CO2e\/kWh). It also requires that any new gas-fired power plant must replace a coal-fired power plant and must also be completed before 2031. CCS will clearly be a necessary measure in meeting these emission restrictions. The European Parliament and individual member states will now debate the regulation and have four months to approve or reject the proposal.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The German government: Germany will have to drastically switch gears to achieve its climate goals<\/h2>\n

\u00a0<\/em>The German Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, Robert Habeck (The Greens), presented a status report<\/a> in January on how well Germany is doing in terms of its goal of carbon neutrality by 2045.<\/p>\n

Germany is losing its pace<\/h4>\n

The report concludes that over the last few years, Germany has lost its pace of development, and that its average reduction in greenhouse gases must increase from 15 million tonnes of CO2e per year to around 40 million tonnes per year up to 2030. It further states that accelerating the expansion of renewable energy and the removal of existing barriers for them is an \u201cabsolute priority\u201d.<\/p>\n

Two percent for wind energy production<\/h4>\n

A statutory goal that two percent of Germany\u2019s land should be dedicated to land-based wind energy production was also announced. It is clear that the pace of decarbonisation in the manufacturing sector also needs to increase. It states that the German government will facilitate the use of contracts for difference in order to make environmentally friendly investments profitable and to provide predictability for manufacturing. Concrete measures suggested emphasise reforming the European Emissions Trading Scheme; the rapid expansion of renewable energy and of the German energy grid, as well as hydrogen production. The report also states that German authorities have no plans<\/a> to lend support to the production or use of blue hydrogen.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Pressure in the energy markets; energy prices, carbon emissions and carbon prices increasing \u2013 but for how long?<\/h2>\n

The high energy prices experienced in Europe this winter have led to challenges across different industries and created a general pressure on prices across the economy, which has been felt by many people.<\/p>\n

Mitigation measures<\/h4>\n

Many governments have introduced mitigation measures such as tax and duty relief or price caps on energy bills \u2013 targeted specifically at those citizens vulnerable to \u201cenergy poverty\u201d. Increased energy costs are mostly being driven by higher gas prices.<\/p>\n

The spot price<\/a> of natural gas in the UK in January was 3-4x that of the average price of the years before 2020, and energy prices have mostly followed the same trend. At the same time, gas and coal energy production has remained high<\/a> over the last few months and has contributed to pressure on the carbon price<\/a>, which was nearing \u20ac90 in January. However, many have pointed out that what we experienced this winter is not just being driven by short-term market fluctuations, but by long-term trends<\/a> that will lead to higher global energy prices. Individual analysts have also pointed out that this development will keep driving up the carbon price<\/a> and it could reach up to \u20ac150 by 2030.<\/p>\n

The EU\u2019s monetary policy must adapt to a new reality<\/h4>\n

In a talk<\/a> held in January by the European Central Bank (ECB), it was pointed out that the energy transition that now stands before the EU will result in higher energy prices in general, and that the EU\u2019s monetary policy must adapt to a new reality. The ECB indicates that in conjunction with high energy and carbon prices, the EU must also increase its investment in the green transition and that it must do this while protecting the most vulnerable groups in society.<\/p>\n

It emphasises that monetary policy must be set in such a way that it prevents price increases on energy goods leading to higher inflation rates that will once again weaken the EU\u2019s ability to achieve its societal goals. The talk stressed that, in addition to tax income from duties on carbon intensive goods from abroad (CBAM<\/a>), revenues from the Emissions Trading Scheme and other taxes on emissions will increase from \u20ac14 billion in 2019, to \u20ac86 billion per year over the period 2026-2030. According to the ECB, taxes on carbon emissions will, therefore, contribute to reduced investments in fossil fuel-based energy and reduced dependence on imports over time, while also strengthening economic activity within the EU, maintaining domestic demand and leading to increased employment.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The WEF Global Risks Report 2022: increased social inequality and a disorderly approach to climate challenges<\/h2>\n

This year\u2019s World Economic Forum (WEF) Risk Report<\/a> focused its attention on the consequences of increasing social inequalities as well as climate and environmental conditions. It emphasises that the pandemic, particularly the way it has been managed, has contributed to increased inequalities between countries and social classes and has led to increased tensions within and across national borders.<\/p>\n

Difficulties build support around climate and the environment<\/h4>\n

The report points to unemployment, inflation, unstable global supply chains, increasing protectionism and geopolitical unrest as examples of these tensions.\u00a0 This situation makes it more difficult to build support for the coordinated measures needed to tackle major social issues such as climate and environmental change. These areas (social unrest and climate\/environmental change) make up the top eight factors of the WEF\u2019s Global Risk Factors for the world economy. The results are based on assessments from almost 1,000 international experts.<\/p>\n

CCS and CDR are viewed as key measures<\/h4>\n

Within the field of climate change, the WEF points out that the lack of international cooperation on this issue will lead to ever-increasing tensions between countries and economic sectors. Political inaction on climate challenges will also lead to worsened climate impacts and require an even greater section of society to tackle the consequences experienced. A political desire to \u201cease the burden\u201d on business life and civil society will be necessary to secure support for climate initiatives, but may also lead to a slowing down of transition that is needed. The report points out that countries with a significant dependence on fossil fuel-based energy have more to lose from the transition to renewable energy and because of this may be less willing to innovate. CCS and CDR (Carbon Dioxide Removal) are viewed as key measures for achieving climate goals, but may also end up being adopted in a way that results in \u201cgreenwashing\u201d and weakens the structural transition that fossil fuel-based industries need to implement. The WEF points out that any route to a zero carbon emissions society will in all likelihood be quite \u201cdisorderly\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The U.S. Government Accountability Office criticises the Department of Energy for poor financial management of CCS projects<\/h2>\n

\u00a0<\/em>In a report<\/a> published in December, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) provided information on investigations into DoE funding allocations and follow-up of nine large CCS demonstration projects.<\/p>\n

$1.1 billion in support<\/h4>\n

In total, the DoE awarded $1.1 billion in support over the period 2009-17. Of the projects supported, six were linked to power generation ($684 million) and three to industrial processes ($438 million). Of the power generation projects, only one was successfully completed (Petra Nova), but even this was closed down in 2020 after only three years in operation.<\/p>\n

Of the industry projects, two were completed (Air Products, Texas and Archer Daniels, Illinois). The GAO has two recommendations:<\/p>\n